Subscription television system



'IASheets-Sheet 1 Filed June 8, 1951 IN VENTOR y, M P ma. a y M ATTORNEY De@ w, ws?

M. e. PAWLEY E TAL SUBSCRIPTION -TELEVISION SYSTEM amiss sheets-sheet 2 Filed June 8, 1951 INVENTOR Dec. i0, '1957 M.- G. PAWLEY Erm. 16,1156

SUBSCRIPTION TELEVISION SYSTEM ATTORNEY De@ i0, i957 M. G. PMA/LEY ETAI- sUBscRIP'rIoN TELEVISION SYSTEM 7 Sheets-Sheet 4 Filed June 8, 1951 INVENTQRS .fi/@fa'amegy @iff Y ATTORNEY ec. l0, i957 M. G. PAWLEY ETAL 2,86,56

SUBSCRIPTION 'TELEVISION SYSTEM Filed June a. 1951 "r sheets-sheet 5 Sl INVENTOR egg Ofi-LQ ATTORNEY Dec. E0, 1957 M G. PAWLEY' ETAL SEGJSG SUBSCRIPTION TELEVISION SYSTEM.

. Filed June 8. 1951 7 Sheets-Sheet 6 Il v ,is "Qlk Il f l INVENTOR .3f BY JM f j.

w, 1957 M. G. PAWLEY ETAL SUBSCRIPTION TELEVISION SYSTEM v 7 seets-sheet 7 ,M5/fafa Filed June 8, 1951 ATTORNEY Stede Patented ec. to, 1957 SUBSCTGN TELEVISION SYSTEM Myron G. Pawley, alexandria, Va., and'llacob M. Sachs,

Silver Spring, Nid., assignors, by `direct and mesne assignments, to Zenith-Radio Corporationg-a cer-:poration of Illinois Application June 8, 1951, Seniat No. 230,68

zdvflnirns. (Cl. 173'-5.ll)

The: present invention relates generally to image transmissionor television systems of .the subscriber ztype. More particularly the .system of the present invention pnovides a transmitting station which broadcasts animage which cannot be received by the conventional receiver `or: the image received-'Will be so distortedl or jittered that it. .cannot he viewed normally. The' subscribers receiving stations, however, are each provided with a coder unit which' corresponds to a similar coder unit. atthe .transmitting station.. By means of these coder units the pictures .or images received by the subscribers are corrected forrdistortion or jitter and appear normal.

Broadly, the coder units at the transmitter' and at the subscribers receivers can be adjusted to vary the scanning code land toxeect variably abnormal. scanning from'l program` to program; For any one' program, all

coder units produce the same scanning code. Alternately, the coder unitsrcan. be arranged to etfect reversal inthe polarity of the-video signal, or other abnormal switching or operation. If desired,` the same coder units' can be arranged for simultaneouslyv controlling the electronic switching of sound-scrambling' devices. In this manner the audio as well as. the video signals received with the conventional television set are distorted unless 'the' distortion is lremoved by' suitable decoding apparatus at the subscribers television set.

In order to provide for varying the scanning code from program to program, each coder unit at the `trans- Initter and at each subscribers receiver', is providedwith adjustableA devices or variable setting means; such` as a .series of two-positionk toggle switches, which' need to be `set for each program: in order to have the coder unit produce the selected scanning code which is being produced by the transmitter coder unit. While all lcoder units are thereby setto produce the same scanning code, it will be seen' that` the setting of each` series of twoposition toggle switchesy is individual to each receiving station vfor any.y selected code. Thus each receiver coder unit. has a key code or individual combination which prescribes the setting: of the4 adjustable devices or' two"- position switches to correspond with' any given transn mitter scanningcode.V

Under the presentv system, thercfore,-when asubsc'riber Wishes to receive a. program he communicates with :the transmitting station? by telephone7 by mail, or in; any desirable manner and he obtains therkeycode individual to his receiver for the speci-tic program; This key code or switch setting combination adviseshim howl tol seti-the switches on. his coder unit,and when he soi sets the switches, the coder unit will produce the same scarming code as that produced at the transmitting sta-tion.. The subscribers receiverwill then be in phase with-the `transmitter and will' properly reproduce the image being `televised. rlhe keyl code of. any one subscriberI fora specific program will differ from the correpsonding-key codes of alli orsubstantially all other subscriber-sin` the area.-

lAnother feature of the present system is that the Coder unit employed generates a binaryfccde is repre* sented eby a repeated groupk of yon or ofi pulses. I

.further feature of the present invention is that all the-coder units inthe entire system, including the transmitting station and all subscribersl stations, are controlled by the vertical synchronizing pulse'v'fhich is generated the transmitter and broadcast with the video signal. The controlling operations are performed during the Vvertical retrac'ing time when the screenis blanked out.

'stilll further feature of thepresent system is that a reduced frequency resetting pulsee or signal is' derived from the vertical synchronizing signal and employedv for maintaining all coder units properly energized and operating in synchronism. For this purpose' the' composite video and synchronizing signal broadcast by thetr'ans'- mi'tter also contains this code system synchronizingpulse Vor'reset signal which is employed at -the receiver 'in' the same manner as at the transmitter, namely to' energize Ioperate the coder unit in phase with its counterpart at the transmitter. y

The organization and manner of operation of the' present invention and further objects' and advantagesv thereof may be best understood by reference to" the following specification and the accompanying drawings; vit being understood that these serve toillustrate an embodiment of the invention, and that variations thereof' falling within the scope of the appended claims willI be' apparent to persons skilled in the art;

In thev drawings: Y

Fig. 1 yis a block diagram ofa transmirtt'ig'statn embodying the invention;

Fig. 2 is a block diagram ota subscribers station einbodying the invention;-

`Fig. 3`- is a schematic showing' `of a binary coder employing a rectifier networkand its driver unit;

Fig. 4 is a schematic showingof a two-position electronie'switch;

Fig. 5 is a schematic showing otl a foirlposi-tion electronic switch;

Fig. 6 is a diagrammatic showing of the reset pulse double coder;

Fig. 7 `is a diagrammatic illustration ofthe reset pulse separator;

Fig'. 8 is a diagrammatic showing ofr one form of a magnetic lbinary coder;

Fig. 9 is a diagrammatic showing ofl another form of amagnetic bin-ary coder; andi Fig. 1-0 `illustrates the broadcast wave form.

In Fig. l the transmitting system illustrated provides that the horizontal scanning in the camera should recurrently step outof time or out of phase withthe horizontal synchronizing signalv as broadcast. This recurrent time or phase shift is varied in accordance with a' code of on or oi pulses generated` by the coder unit. It will be" understood, howeverf-tlat'tliisrepresents only one type` of jitter or distortion and that otherl types of jitterA or distortion or'abnormal operation-may be effected' by means of theV present invention,v such as a coded reversal in polarity of th'evideo signal; or reversal inthe direction of scanning.

.In the system shown in Figll l`,.the picture signallgenerating tube 10 may be of any desirable type whichk delivers the video signal to the video amplifier 1'1. The amplified video signals are then transmitted to the mixer l2l which receives the' blanking, horizontal' synchronizing, and the vertical synchronizing signals from their corresponding generators 13, 14 and 15. The composite signal is then passed toI the modulator 16 which modulates the ',R. F. amplifier 18 which in turnsupplies the' signal' to theaute'nna; The-oscillator 1T supplies its output to' the R. F. amplien'lS.

The scanning of the image in the camera tube 10 is controlled by the vertical scanning generator 19 and the horizontal scanning generator 20 which provide scanning power to their respective yokes 21 and 22.

The parts thus far described are the usual elements of a conventional television transmitter and need not be described with any further detail. In the conventional television transmitter the horizontal synchronizing generator is connected directly to the horizontal sweep or scanning generator for the camera.

In the present system, however, the delay line 23 is interposed between the horizontal synchronizing signal generator and the horizontal sweep generator at the transmitter. In the absence of the delay line the horizontal scanning wouldbe in step with or in phase with the horizontal synchronizing signal. The interposition of the .delay line between the synchronizing signal generator and the horizontal sweep generator provides for a time or phase shift between the horizontal scanning at the camera Aand the horizontal synchronizing signal as broadcast.

The present invention further provides that this shift should be variable in accordance with a code. For this purpose the delay line is provided with two outgoing leads 24 and 25. One of these leads may by-pass the delay line, whereas the other lead 2S is connected to the output of the delay line. The electronic switch 26 operates to 'connect either lead 24 or lead 25 to the horizontal sweep generator of the camera through wire 27.

Merely for the purpose of simplifying the present diagram, the delay line is shown with the two outgoing leads vdescribed above. It will be understood, however, that, if desired, the delay line may include several delay sections'with a corresponding number of outgoing lead lines and a multiposition electronic switch may then operate to vary the amount of delay as desired in accordance with 'the code.

The operation of the electronic switch is controlled by 'the coder 28 which will be discussed more in detail in a later portion of this specication. At this point, however, it should be understood that the coder unit 28 con trols the operation of the switch 26 in accordance wtih 'a code which may be varied as desired by the proper setting of a plurality of toggle switches.

Broadly, the coder unit is an apparatus which receives regularly spaced pulses and then converts such regularly spaced pulses into a repeated binary code which is represented by on or ott pulses, derived by the proper 1seting of a plurality of toggle switches. These on or ott pulses are delivered to the electronic switch which thereby serves to vary the connection of the delay line 23 to the horizontal scanning generator.

While the coder unit may be operated by any desired source of regularly spaced pulses, it is advantageous to operate it by the vertical synchronizing pulses which cusjtomarily recur at a rate of 60 per second. For this purpose the vertical synchronizing generator 15 at the transmitter is connected to the electronic driver 29 of the coder.

kThe coder employed in the present system receives the regularly spaced Vertical synchronizing pulses, which 'recur conventionally at a rate of 60 per second, and as a result of its operation it delivers at its output a repeated 'cycle of on or ofi pulses representing binary digits, these pulses being in phase with the vertical synchronizing pulses. In order to maintain the operation of the coder and to eliminate all necessity for its adjustment during its operation, it is desirable to provide thecoding system with a pulse which coincides with the rst of each group of the code. Thus if the code provides for a group of on or o i pulses, it is desirable to provide the coding -system with a single pulse for every eighth vertical synchronizing pulse, the same, of course, to be in phase with the synchronizing pulses. This cycling pulse will be referred to as the reset or code system synchronizing pulse. The reset pulse, it will be understood, serves at the transmitting station, and, as will appear later, also at vintended to illustrate both types of coders.

.antenne y v- 4 the subscribers receiving stations to synchronize the sev eral components in each code system. For this purpose the vertical synchronizing generator 15, which, as has been described, delivers, its output to the vertical scanning generator 19 for the conventional vertical scanning, also delivers its output to the reset pulse generator 30. The reset pulse generator 30 may be any suitable conventional yfrequency divider and operates to receive the vertical synchronizing pulses at the rate of 60 per second and delivers pulses at a reduced frequency as one for every eight vertical synchronizing pulses to the cycler 31. The frequency of the pulses delivered by the reset pulse generator is determined by the number of pulses in each code group. When, for example, the code group has eight on or oft pulses, the reset pulse generator will be designed to deliver one reset pulse for every eight vertical synchronizing pulses. The reset pulses are delivered by the generator 30 to the reset pulse cycler or distributor 31 which distributes the reset pulses to the several components of the code system in order to maintain them in phase. The cycler 31 is therefore connected for this purpose to the driver 29 which operates or drives the binary coder 2S, and to the electronic switch 26 which serves to switch the delay line 23 into the connection from the horizontal synchronizing generator 14 to the horizontal the use of any suitable type of binary coder such as a counter chain which generates repeated groups of on or ,ol pulses which constitute a code, and more particuylarly the present invention may employ one of two types gof binary coder which will be described in detail later but which will be here named as a magnetic binary coder ,and a rectifier network binary coder. The block 28 is In the block `diagram in Fig. l the binary coder 23 is shown connected `by dotted lines to the cycler 31 and to the vertical pulse 4is employed at 28. When the magnetic binary coder is employed at 28 it is connected to the cycler 31 and is thus energized once for-each group of code pulses by the reset pulse; when the diode network is employed as the coder at 28 then it is connected to the vertical pulse generator .15 and the network operates to transmit the vertical pulse to the electronic switch 26 for an on pulse, or to shunt the pulse to ground to produce an ott pulse in the code. This action will be described in more detail later.

vlt may now be stated, by way of recapitulating what has thus far been described, that in the television system Vof the present invention, the transmitting station employs -a binary coder, which may be magnetic, or may be a diode network or any other suitable type, its essential feature being that it can 'deliver to the electronic switch la repeated code consisting of on or o5 pulses, and the switch in turn is operated thereby to connect varied portions ot` a delay line between the horizontal synchronizing generator and the horizontal sweep generator; and that :this coding system is under the control of the vertical 'synchronizing pulses and the several components thereof lare maintained in synchronism or in phase by a reset pulse which is derived from the vertical synchronizing pulse by Va frequency divider.

What has been said above with reference to the code system of thetransmitting station is also applicable to the code system of each subscribers station, and each subscriber station also contains a code lsystem which 'is substantially identical with the code system as thus'far described. The code systems of the subscribers stations tre maintainedinsynchronism with the-code system ;of the Jtransmitting --sta-tionby means of the vreset pulse vwhich is broadcast -as part of-the composite videov andA synchronizingl'signabtransmitted-orbroadcast by the conventional television'transmitting station. -For this-purpose the reset pulsesgenerated at 30 are delivered to-the reset pulse coder'32 which shapes or Vcodes the resetpulse so thatfthe same can bereadily separatedfrom the othergsynchronizing pulses atthefreceiving station. The specict-ype yof pulse coder employed-here and which will be described more-in detail in a -la-ter portion of the specification, substitutes a coded-double pulse for the single :reset pulse, and this double-coded pulse is delivered to the mixerlZ and transmitted with the conventional synchronizing pulses vand video signal.

In Fig. 1, the dashed line divides the block diagram -into-two parts, in which the part that includest-he picture converter'10 and the elements 11-to 22, inclusive, constitute a conventional transmitter, while the otherpart of '1Fig. lshows in block diagram the coding systemv including 'the lcomponents 23-32, inclusive, the diagram also-show- Ving the-manner in which the coding system is -relatedto the conventional transmitter.

Before considering the receiver, it is -best to-consider the coding system employed at the transmitter inmore 4detail. Many parts of the coding systemare well lknown or are-found in the literature relating to electronics-and, therefore, will not be described in full detail.

An understanding of the present cod-ing system lnecesrs-ita-tesrrst an understanding of the coder unitv28. It hasfalready beensstated that the coder unit employed` in -thepresent system receives a sequence of regularly spaced pulses and delivers a repeated series of on or off pulses. The preferred form of the coder unit maybe briey vreferred to as a diode binary coder unit and is shown in schematic form in Fig. 3.

The theory of operation of the general type of circuit used in this coder unit is presented in a paperfentitled Rectifier networks for multiposition switching by D. R. 'Brownland N. Rochester, Proceedings of the I. R. E.,*Feb -ruary'1949, pp. 139-147, and the same is embodied here- Wwith and made a part ofthe present speciiicationby reference.

For simplicity, the particular arrangement illustrated in the drawings and to be described generates successive groups of eight binary digits represented by on or olf pulses, but it is clear that the coder unit may readilybe .enlarged or extended so as to produce groups of any required number of binary digits with optional switch arrangements for setting up the scanning code in correspondence with a key code for the switches.

The `diode binary coder shown in Fig. 3 comprises a network of eight horizontal leads and six verticalileads a which are interconnected by the unidirectional diodes 36 asshown. Each horizontal lead has a two-position switch 37 connecting the same to the input A -through a suitable resistor. At the output end the horizontal leads are each connected to the output C through the diodes 38.

This nework is indicated in Figs. l and 2 by block 28. Fig 3 also shows the driver (shown inPigs. l and v2Min vblock' 29) for the binary coder, which consists here of a -bank of three tubes forming a scale of eight system and three gated switch tubes 33, 34 and 35.

In this system the switching tubes 33, 34 and 35 re- Amain energized and the circuit in each tube alternates from one plate circuit to the other repeatedly. In tube33 this alternation or switching takes place at each vertical pulse; tube 3.4 switches every two vertical pulses `and tube -35 switches for every fourth vertical pulse.

By means therefore of this operation of the switch :tubes 33, 34 and35 half the vertical lines in the network ,are grounded and the other half are ungrounded at yany particular instant. 'The diodes or unidirectional elements .1.36 zare-disposed to connect the vertical lines Vwith=the :horizontal lines so that at all times .only one horizontal tojthe-co'cler input terminal A andato the scale-of-eight drlver'circuit inputB. When all switches are closedino -line-isungrounded vand apulsereceived bythe network -at A`-wi1l be rleliveredatitsaoutput C--via the ungroun'ded `horizontaliline, if it is connected to the input A Abyfa closedswitch'. The operationoftheswitch tubesshifts zontal line sungrounded andin the courseof eight vertical -pulsesz each horizontal line becomes ungroundedffor -theV duration of the pulse. Thusfor everygroupof eight -tier networlrtype-of` binary coder generatesacodeand that the code generated is determinedby'thekeyode which gives the positions of the switches 37.

'SIn operation, therefore, the vertical synchronizing -pulses'aredelivered from the generator 1.5 (Fig.`1) to the .rectiiier network at Aandtotheinput B ofthe sealeof-eight switching system. As these input pulsesl progress the switch tubes 33, 34 and 35 are activated by, the ,Scale- -ofeight-circuit-and the diodes connected'to the switch tube plates yare correspondingly grounded. Inspection ofthe diagram of Fig.l 3 Ywill show that, coincident with anyfparticular'v input 'pulse, Vall 4of the horizontal wires in the Adiagram except yone will be effectively grounded .through diodes. -This particular input p ulse willl pass through totheoutput-I terminal C only if the switch Sin the `ungrounded yhorizontal wire is closed. Similarly,

withtsueceeding inputpulses, only one-horizontal wiije' at aftirnelis ungroun'dedjand the pulse on that lead will pass to the outputterrninal C only if the switch in thatflead isclosed. The Vcumulative effect of this action in the eight binaryfdigit coder shown is to generate a sequence of groups of eight binary digits, represented by. repeating ygroups of;ei-ght-on or-o pulses, appearingatthe terminal-C vwhen a uniform successionofpulses'is fed pulses aredeletedfrom the output,` but when any. particular-switehlSis opened the correspondingly-numbered pulse in the-group of eightwill be ydeleted from the o-utputat the terminalC. In practice a slight delay isjnterposed in the: pulses arriving-at the input terminal A in ordento allowsutiicient time-for the scale-of-eight switchingaction to becomeeifective -before the pulses appear at the input terminal A. v

The purpose of the rectier elements 38 in Fig. .31's to insure that the pulses appearing on any'horizgmtallead willnot Vpass to the other horizontal leads.

Therectier elements used in the diode binary coder may be germanium diodes, selenium elements, or,`any s t 1 it able unidirectional elements.

Thepreviouslymentioned code system synchron ing pulse, or reset pulse, is applied to the diodecoder ,the input D in order to synchronize he coder operation with the corresponding coder operation at the subscribersreceiving stations. IA source of these pulses is available at the1transmitterand at all subscribers stations. 'I 'he reset pulse is preferably generated by frequency division fromthe verticalgsynchronizing pulse .at thetransmitter and transmitted in the same envelope with the videoand conventional synchronizing pulses. These reset pulses perform the same services in the transmitter A arid-inz'tll receivers. Broadly, the reset pulses maintain all coder units energized in synchronism.

In the present system the reset pulses are generatedat the transmitterby the frequency divider shown at 30`in Fig. l. The frequency of the reset pulse is ldetermined by' theynumber of binary digits, or ,,o'n or"fo.,pul sjes in each code groupgenerated 'by the coderpnit 2 8 .itb`e,i ng vdesirable tov have one reset pulse for each group ofende pulses. Thus when the coder unit generates an'eightldigit code, it is desirable to have one reset pulse for every eight Vcode digits. Since the code digits are' synchronized with the vertical synchronizing pulses, there will be generated by the frequency divider one reset pulse for every eight vertical synchronizing pulses. Such pulsefrequency dividers are common in the art and will not be described in detail here. (See Waveforrns by Chance, Hughes, MacNichol, Sayre and Williams, Radiation Laboratory Series, vol. 19, chapter 17, McGraw- Hill Book Co., this being embodied here by reference.)

As thus far described, the diode coder unit 28 shown in schematic form in Fig. 3 may be set by proper adjustment of the switches S to deliver a predetermined code group of eight binary digits or onf or olf pulses, the unit being triggered by the vertical synchronizing pulses and recycled at the group rate by the code system synchronizing pulse.

The groups of on or oil pulses constitute a jittering or phasing code for abnormal scanning of the picture converter 10. Alternately, these coded pulse groups can be used to effect irregular reversing of the polarity of the video signal, irregular direction of scanning or other I abnormal switching.

The binary-coded pulse groups may also be used simultaneously for irregular switching of sound-scrambling devices to make the sound unintelligible as received on conventional television receivers unless corrected by correspondingly coded switching at the subscribers receivers.

It should be pointed out that, although for simplicity a coder unit is here described for the generation of groups of eight binary digits, the coder unit may readily be extended for the generation of say 16 or 32 binary-digit groups. In the case of the 16-digit coder, there would be over 65,000 scanning or switching codes available corresponding to different settings of the coding switches. With the 32-digit coder there would be over four billion possible code settings.

The binary coder effects irregular triggering of an electronic switch connecting alternately delayed and undelayed horizontal synchronizing pulses to the scanning generator 20 for the picture converter 10. The sequence of pulses from the binary coder triggers, in an irregular but adjustable fashion, the two-position electronic switch shown in Fig. 4. Each successive pulse from the coder unit causes V4a and V41; to conduct alternately and this action alternately turns on the switch tubes V3a and V3I). When either of these switch tubes conducts it effectively grounds the diode which is connected to its plate and prevents the pulse from the delay line from passing that diode to the output terminal E. The electronic switch therefore alternately connects the terminals D and D1 of the delay line to the output terminal E. The horizontal ,synchronizing pulses at the transmitter are fed to the Adelay line and the pulses appearing at the terminal D0 are undelayed, whereas those appearing at the terminal D1 are delayed by a xed amount. If desired, a multisectional delay line may be used. Fig. 5 shows a threesection delay line and a four-position electronic switch.

[Its operation will be apparent from what has appeared above in connection with the description of Figs. 3 and 4. In the operation of the electronic switches, the delivery of an on pulse by the coder will cause the switch to operate so as to provide a new path for the horizontal synchronizing pulse to the output at E. An oit pulse delivered by the coder permits the switch to remain in .its previous position. The pulses appearing at the output terminal E are therefore jittered in time at an irregular rate established by the setting of the coder switches at the transmitter. These jittered pulses are passed to `the sweep generating circuit in the camera at the transmitter.

By inverting the positions of the switches 37 in the diode bmary coder orby varying the order of the switches, the

,inumber of individual coder units at the subscribers re- 8 ceivers becomes enormous and it becomes practically impossible for a group of friends to rewire the coder units so that they may al1 operate on the same key code.

In order for the previously mentioned reset pulse to Y be identified and separated at the receiver it must be Time Measurements, by Chance, Hulsizer, MacNichol,V

and Williams, Radiation Laboratory Series, vol. 20, p. 432; McGraw-Hill Book Company, this being embodied herein by reference.

Referring to Fig. 6 the delay line L1 is matched by a resistor R2 at its input end, is short-circuited at the other end, and has a tap D microseconds from the input end. A negative pulse applied to the input causes the tube Vlb to conduct by its action on the cathode giving a negative pulse on its plate. The negative input pulse also travels through the delay line, is reflected as a positive pulse, and (2L-D) microseconds later arrives at point D, where L represents the total delay of the line and'D represents the displacement of tap D from the input end. The delayed positive pulse on the grid results in a second negative pulse on the plate of Vlb. The single negative input pulse is therefore coded into a double pulse with spacing of (2L-D) microseconds. Vla serves as a phase-inverter to supply positive double-coded pulses to the mixer 12. As will be explained later this double-coded reset pulse may be decoded at the receiver by a similar circuit. The reset pulse is used at the receiver to synchronize the actions of the binary coder and electronic switch units with corresponding units at the transmitter.

In the present system the binary coder at the transmitting station serves to insert a coded delay into the horkmaintained in phase with the code system of the transmitting station by the reset pulse Vwhich is transmitted together with the video and synchronizing signals. The

reset pulse is preferably transmitted during the vertical retrace time between fields. During such retrace equalizing pulses and the vertical synchronizing pulse are transmitted as shown in the approximate waveform shown in Fig. 10. The double coded reset pulse is included in the group of signals that are transmitted during the retrace time, this reset pulse occurring there only at every eighth retrace time, when the number of digits in the code is eight.

Fig. 2 is a block diagram of a receiving system embodying the present invention and, insofar as the items there shown correspond to the equivalent or the same items in Fig. l, the same reference characters are employed. In this system the signal is received and amplied by the radio frequency amplifier whose output is delivered to the mixer or detector 61 which also receives the output of the local oscillator 62. The sound signals are delivered by this detector in the 'direction indicated by the arrow and the legend sound The video and its accompanying synchronizing signals are delivered by the mixer 61 to the amplifier 63 which delivers its output to the second detector 64 which in turn delivers its output to the video amplier 65. The video signals are delivered by the ampliiier 65 to the D. C. restorer 66 and the video signals are delivered thereby to the picture converter 10. The composite synchronizing signal is delivered by the 'implienfSL-to thecornpo'site:synchronizing amplier'iad separator216'7. "T heffseparator delivers thefvertical syn- 'chronizinge signal to .the :vertical synchronizingfpulse oscili'lator 15 -whichhini turn delivers -its 'output :to thevertical Scanning-.generatori 19 which controls-the vertical scanning @yoke 121. `s'I-he-separator: 67 vdeli-vers thehorizontalsyn- =Clironizing vcomponent to the horizontal synchronizing oscillatore Mff'which: -in the conventional receiver delivers itseontput -toz the fhorizontal scanning generatorffZO, the :latter-being eonnectedto the horizontal scanning vyoke22.

The systemas thusfanfdescribedfconstitutes.a conventionalirtelevisinn; receivingsystem. 2

zrrfadditionntor ther system .asf thus described, the present receivingsystemalso containsia xcoderesystern'which in: its essential; respectsa -is substantially; identical livitn the.` `coder '.system =.at fthe f1ransmitting station .as :v described above. This? system rservesato :lcodef the horizontal ysweep hat: the receiver in a manner identical with the `coding-of "the ecarnera;r horizontal.: sweep-.statine transmitting station, #and '-,asna-fresult: :thereof Vnhejtreredzvi/deoisignal, whichmvonfld eiunme1ligible mi impossiblefto view; normally@ eby means of a conventional receiver, becomes converted intofaas'norf-Iafiabzpicturca atv the: subscribers' 'I eceiving. sta-tion.

Altelnetelygthe coder unitcatiitherreeeiuer:may effect @irregular switching intsynchronism -zwith A -corresponding fswitchnseof: nclarityiefevideo,signals directomnffzscanning, or other abnormalcswlitchingiat (theytransmittenin :orderte derireiananndistorted :television imagefat. thefsubscribersreceiver. T-he-sarne coder unitzgatitherreeeiver Irn'aysimnltaneouslybe used to, .unsenamblefthelzsoundgdisretorted ,.byftheecoder .imitan the transmitter.

tInadditiorifto receiving-the jittered videog signal, theaSzub- :scri-'oer nationals@ receives ,a codel-,isystemsynchronizing pulsewillich `forathe, rsake of -brevityL is referred-to as rthe resetpnlse, dhesyncllronizingpulse:separatoraof/'Idelivers the ,vertical 4 Asynohrorii,zing pulse Vand 4 the double-,coded reset pulsetctfthereset pulse separatorl tofhe described `later. PFrom,-J:hi s. compositesignal the,reset pgn-lsezsepa- `rater 7,1 deliversq tot the, zcycler-l f the reset, pulse in sub- .stantiahyttherornnas generated by Ihe.fregneney.- divider lof the transmitting station. The reset pulse separator \,thusconstitutes,agsource ofA` reset pulses `which `seri/,e1 the sa-me Eunctonsiat the receivenas vthey/.served .atthe transrnitten l A The cyclerflvshown ini Fig.2 deliversuthe reset.Y pulses fao to synchronize these, units with-thecorrespondingf unitsat unitsjthat maybe'pmployed. lt thecoder unitemploys 1 thelrectier -networlfz described, then it, receives vertical symChrjo'ni/:ing4` p'uls'es vhy. one 'ofthe dashed lines fand it ,'is L notrconnected to' the Y c'y cier31l. `lf, however, 1 the mag- 'netic binary coderL is employed thenitis energizedhy ,the reset `pulse delivered byth e cyclen 3.11 andthe, coder-,unit "isn't connected to' the vertical 'osjc'illator15.`

LThehorizoritalj 'synchror'iizingI generator 14, instead of "being connected directly to lilleV horizontal 'scanningy'genieratorlii; is 'connected to, Athe delay linej Z3V \'2v h icl1j l' iasn two "output lines supplying zerodelay and `lined-delay,pulses. Theelectroriic switch 26, controlled by the binary coder e11i-lit vvi5,'c o'nriectsgin an irregular fashion, either one'` or the` other of vthe output' terminals of the delay' linel with "the horizontal" s canninggenerator.

Itwill 'now heunderstoodthat with 'the switches` of, the V'coder unittg' at "thej subscriber station setso as lto generate `the`samebnary coded;` group of pulses orcodirigpattern A`of.'sigrlls as thatprdcedbyjthe coderunit attire transnittergithecanning 'delays at', the subscriber .Station :wi-11.

operate in the same manner and in synchronismwiththe -scanning delaysat thetransmitter.l

,It v "llnov/ 'be understood thatlthe coder systematihe 'snbscribers 5g station operates in substantially the same v`mantierras.the coder system ,at the, transmittingstatonand f7.5

lftliat- 'tfcomprises-A the saine` components except 'that itdoes l'not contain fthefrequency'divider -30 and the doublepu1se coder 32V and in -lieu thereof it contains the reset pulse `separator. vThis particular component 71 is shownin .schematicf form -infFig 7 which will -also be found kin Wave Forms, '-by' Chance, Hughes, f MacNichol, Sayre andWilliams Radiation-LaboratorySeries,vol. 19, p. 367, `Mc'zGra'wI--I'ill Book Company, '1"949. vExcept for the biasingy arrangementlthecircuit `of11`g.f7l is identical with f that `of the fd'ouble-p'ulse coder shown' in Figi L6 whichwas previously described :in-'detail The single -fdual-"triode sh'own inFig.- .7, =-together with :its associated idelay line, accepts a codedlresetfor cycling Ipnlse consistingofftwb *closelyianld#accurately spaced pulses generated byithe #reset pulse f coder f-at"&the transmitter. -ZTI-le 1 reset #pulse Iseparator lrejects :pairs of pulses 1except 4when their i, spacing correspondsy exactly .'With'lthe Qdelay introduced :by ./thelldelay -lineiiin .the=separator. :The-.coded cycling or reisen pulse isrseparated fromv the composite synchronizing ip ulse input "-an'd pass'esiv to the` cycler 'S31 :.shoWniinf-block formi infFigi-Qf or fassshdwn' in ivgreater ideta'il" in. Fig. 7.

zThe advantages .fof `the :present @system Awill vnovv Zibe apparent-,toi personszrskilledi'in thewart. The presentsystem iprovides 4a :subscniber 'f television :system .in whifch 'no emechanieally movable: elements are employed land. in .which all necessarysignals are transmitted lintl'lefsarne envelope-1an yin conventional television.

If fid'esired; :instead of usingthe diode: lbinary 'codersunit -fasrdescrzibedrabovei a magnetic binarycoder nnit'aswshown in Ei'gs.I 8f or=9-=mayaber employed `as an alternate.v device l for f deriving thencoded pulse sequences "to zserve the 3pm-- pose of th'isainvention atrthe transmitter` and yat: the :sub-

scribers freeei'vers.

Theapresent magnetiozcoder unit iszderiveclf from af mag- {metfic device evvhose operation is "disclosed :in :a npaper -`entitled xfStatic `sma'gnetic .storage .and :-dela'y li'n'e vEby Adii/fang and Way A:Dong yWoo, Journal of AApplied Physics January.1950,"ppn49e54a incl-usivwand lthe same i isiemnodied herewithafandfmade arpart: of t-hepresentispeciflclationfqbyi reference.

Eorjsimplieitw thefparticulararrangement llustratedrin ithe ;Idrawings sand 'f to the [described generates successive groups of 8 binary digits represented by on:or -ioi npulsesisbut itc-is clear-that thercoder unitrmayfreadily be :enlarged @orextendedy kso tas ;toifproduce :ag-maps of i any required numberrof-binary d-igitsuwith:optionalsswiteh :arransementsffor setting up-:the-scanning codenainieorrespondence- :with Va key,- 'codeifor theswitches'.

Referring/to -l?-ig.,- 8,f theffcoden` unit 'ncludes 316: orsany .other (desirable evenmumbenoffmagnetl toroidsff40. r-.TO

satisfy the pri-,neiplei ofgoperatiom iof-` vthe :devieenas: shown and described byf thea-nih@rs`V Wang :and oo; eachntoroid has nota-Windingfaanthefwindings of theiodd numbered steroids beiligceonnected? together infseries andwtonthewcatghf zodecircuitof theidrivingtubeiherefshownfas thefthyra-tron 'V5iwhereas thegwindings 42 .fof the even numberedoroids are sim ilarlyfconnectedltogether Vand Yto the; cathode; circuit of Lthe -ot-her-driving tube alsofshown as arthyratrgon V6. Each pair-of, adjaeentitoroidsj also has kva; painof connected .windings ,43 :which are` connected together 4inf the.l manner shown; lay-meansl ;of. r'ecti'fying diodes A4-in series between the Windings-and.- rectifying diodes A5 #across y thevwindings 43.

, 'Dhe: coder lunit ,as c,thus ,far .f described.' corresponds to the device; disclosed -and described. ,bythetauthors :Wang and W00t `vWhen in this System the toroids ,aramagnetizcai vto ,-saturation, alternate, delivery -of g ilulses `fby the :tubes V5 andM6 will produce atfthe Output-end offthewsystem, mainly at fline e6, .aggroupgof fonor dit pulses depending upon the direction of magnetization of the-several toroids. In its .present` adaptation, -and particularly-for the purpose offthepresentinvention, each toroid is -additionally; provided .-withawinding A8 as shownin Fig..,.8, thesebeing connected: inseries lthrouglrdouble-pole, doublerthrow. togglefswitches 50, whichrare connected to the yasienta odd-numbered cores, and thence to the cathode circuitof the thyratron tube V2. The thyratron tube V2 and vits immediately associated elements constitute the cycler shown at 31 in the block diagram of -the transmitter system shown in Fig. 1. 29 in the block diagram cf Fig. 1 comprisesthe scale-of two tubes V7a and V7b, together with the previously referred to thyratron tubes V5 and V6. The negative Vertical synchronizing pulses are delivered to the terminal A of the scale-of-two stage and the thyratrons V5 and V6 are consequently energized alternately and deliver pulses alternately to the odd and even-numbered windings 42 of the magnetic binary coder unit.

The input terminal A of the 8-digit binary coder receives a sequence of regularly spaced pulses, say at a rate of 60 per second. At the output terminal 46 pulses will appear at a regular 30 cycle rate only if the 8 toggle switches are set in the fup position. If we consider a time interval corresponding to 16 consecutive input pulses and number the switches l to 8, the setting of any toggle switch in the down position will remove the correspondingly numbered pulse of the sequence of 8 from the output. Since there are two possible ways in which each of the 8 switches may be set, there are 28 or 256 distinct sequences of pulses which may be set up in consecutive groups of 8 equally spaced time intervals of 1&0 second, provided the special cases of continuous pulses with all switches up and no pulses with all switches down are included. As indicated above, the arrangement may readily be extended by adding more small saturable reactors and switches. Considered in groups of n equally -spaced time intervals, there would then be 2n different pulse sequences available. In a practicable example n might be equal to 20 and 2n then would equal 1,048,576.

The magnetic binary coder unit is shown in Fig. 8 with 16 small saturable reactors and 8 associated doublepole, double-throw reversing toggle switches, together with the required vacuum tubes V5, V6, and V7 for driving the reactors. The coder unit is only one component of the subscription-type television system shown in Figures 1, and 2. The remainder of the circuit is identical with that used with the diode binary coder previously described.

As shown in the schematic of Fig. 8 the windings 48 of the reactors in the coder unit are connected in series with a reversing switch 50 provided for each odd-numbered reactor so Athat the core of the latter reactors can be polarized in the desired direction. The magnetic material used in these reactors saturates very rapidly as the magnetizing current is increased, and has very high retentivity and an approximately square hysteresis loop. This means that once the core is magnetized in a particular polarity, further pulses of magnetizing current in the 'same direction will not change the llux and no induced voltage will appear across the windings. However, a pulse of current of suicient amplitude in the reverse direction will flip the magnetization over to the opposite saturated polarity and result iny a relatively large pulse of induced voltage across the reactor windings.

We shall assume that uniformly spaced pulses at a 60 cycle rate are applied to the circuit of Fig. 8 at A, and that the reset pulses from V2 occur coincident with every 16th of the 60 cycle input pulses. n

There are 256 different up-down positions in which the switches can be mounted, but in this example the switches will be arranged so that all of the reactor cores are magnetized in the same saturated polarity by the reset or cycling pulse when all of the switches are down, or in the opposite saturated polarity when all of the switches are up.

The regular input pulses at A are applied to a scaleof-two stage V7a-V7b which alternately triggers the miniature thyratrons VS and V6. The odd-numbered Vreactors have windings connected in series With the cathode of V5 and ground, and the even-numbered reactors The coder unit driver shown at f' v,the thyratrons V5 and V6. The polarities of the windings and the inter-connections are such that these advancing pulses applied to the windings 42 of the reactors cause a pulse to be passed from any odd-numbered core which has its toggle switch in the up position successively to cores to the right, through the chain of cores and thence to the output terminal 46. The sequence of 8 binary digits will continue with the same pattern for successive groups of 16 input pulses as long as the switch positions are not changed. When all of the switches are up, pulses will appear continuously at the 30 cycle rate at the terminal 46. If any toggle switch is turned down the pulse from that particular core will be removed from the sequence. Finally, if all switches are down, no pulses will appear at 46.

We now have a device for coding .a uniform sequence of input pulses into a sequence of groups of binary digits represented by successive groups of on and oif pulses.

The purpose of the rectifier elements 44 and 45, which may be germanium diodes selenium elements, or other rectifying elements, is to insure that the advancing pulses move digits only in the forward direction, and only one core at a time in this direction.

A more detailed explanation of the operation of this 'magnetic circuit is given in the reference cited above.

One feature of the coding system is the code system synchronizing pulse or reset pulse. A source of these pulses is available at the transmitter and at all subscribers stations. This reset pulse is preferably generated from the vertical synchronizing pulse at the transmitter and transmitted in the same envelope with the video `and conventional synchronizing pulses. These reset pulses perform the same services in the transmitter and in all receivers. Broadly, the reset pulses maintain all coder units energized in synchronism in a fashion identical with that described above in connection with the diode binary coder.

In the preferred system the reset pulses are generated at the transmitter, by the frequency divider 30. The frequency of the reset pulse is determined by the number of on or olf pulses in each code group generated by the coder unit 28, it being desirable to have one reset pulse for each group of code pulses. Thus when the coder unit generates an eight pulse code, it is desirable to have one reset pulse for every eight code digits. The code digits in the magnetic coder being synchronized with every other vertical synchronizing pulse, there will be generated by the frequency -divider one reset pulse for every sixteen vertical synchronizing pulses. Such pulsefrequency dividers are common in the art and will not be described in detail here.

The reset pulses are delivered to the cycler 31, which, as shownin Fig. 8 consists essentially of the thyratron tube V2 and is in turn connected to the code input windings 48. Thus it will now be understood that for the first, seventeenth, etc. vertical synchronizing pulse a reset pulse passes through all windings 48 and, depending upon the direction of the winding of each odd-numbered core and the position of its associated switch 50, these magnetic cores will be polarized in one direction or another. The cycler as represented by the thyratron V2 also delivers each reset pulse to tube V7a of the scaleof-two driver stage and to V411 of the electronic switch. The reset pulses serve to synchronize the binary coder unit and the electronic switch with the corresponding units when properly coded at the subscribers television receiver. A

As thus far described, the coder unit 28 shown in schematic form in Fig. 8 may be set to deliver a predetermined code group of 8 on or olf pulses, the unit being triggered by the vertical synchronizing pulses ege 16,156

and being :controlled by: fthe; -reset .por eoide '1. system ...synchronizing :pulses -fwhich ...are deliveredrbyf. thezcyclery '31 .toffthe coder:inputwindings` 48. :The-reset pulses'fare also delivered tothe .coder :unit `driver.:29irand2 tothe electroniczswitch 261er the purpose fof synchronization'.

The groups. of fon .or ott'pulses constituteialjittering orgphasing code. for. ahnormalfscanning :of: the-.picture converter 10.

As --explained above, #the l.xontputf fr-.em the V`magnetic binary coderconsists ofaafrepetitive fgroup ofbinary digits, each group consistingV ofi .a .sequence of 8 equally spaced on.=er oli pulsesudepending upon howrthelfS switchesfare set. sequence-:on pulsesf-triggerspinan irregular `but. adjustable z fashion, the-Z-position.electronic switch'shown in Eig-4. 'Eachrsuccessive pulse causes V4a and V4b:to. conduct alternately1 and this action alternately turns on' the switch tubeszvsaffandnvib. When either of thesel switch .tubesfcond-ucts; it effectively.V grounds the 'diode whichyis connected toits plate .andprevents the v lpulse from fthe :delay dine' from` passing lthat diode to-the outputfterminalfE. )The electronic switchtherefore alternately connects thesterminals.DuandDlof the Vdelay line` to. the outputiterminallE. The horizontal vsynchronizing pulses .atthestransmittenareffed tothe i delay line 'andthe pulsesfappearing atfthe` terminalfDo Fare nndelayed,.fwhereas.l those appearing :at the.y terminal -D1.;are delayedzby aV iixeclv amount. .The..pulses=appearing at the output terminal E are.thereforeijitteredvin time at an irregularV rateY established tby thes setting of the coder switohes at the'transmitter. `These:jittered'pulses-are .passed to the vsweep.-generatingfcircuit` in the camera at the transmitter.

Theabove-described.action of z the magnetic binary vcoderand associated electronic switch and delay-lineis similar' xto the :action ofthefdiode binary coder and auxiliaryziapparatus as previously'described. The coding diiers ysomewhat with the magneticco'der as=shown -in Fig. 8 as compared with the codingderived'with;the diode coderof Fig. l3. In the latter.y case "the code consisted of repeating groups -f18binary digits,fthe digits occurri.ng..at. a rate. of v60. perA second, `whereas :with lthe magnetic cdderiS binarylfdigitsfoccur ata ratelof '30 per second.

In an alternateconnection ofthefmagnetic.reactors of the magneticbinary coder .as .shownin Fig. 9, the S-digit binary code groups are identical with those gen- Aeratedjby the-diodebinary coder ofeFig. 3 whichrwas previously described.

In the circuitV of Fig..9 thesixteen magnetic reactors are operated in two .groups of eight reactors switched vin parallel. The interconnections kare ysuch that when'the sequence-of vertical synchronizing pulses at a-rate of-.60 per second areapplied .to the. input A of the scale-ofe'two- .driver there are derived .at the. output .terminal 46 repeated. groups of eight binary .digits represented by on or off pulses occurring .at a.rate.of"60 digits per second. With the parallel form ofthe magnetic coder 4as shown in Fig.f9, the reset p ulse generator 30 (at the transmitter) is designed. to generateone .pulse for every eightvertical. synchronizing pulses. The separatedreset pulse atthe .snbscribersreceiver is .appliedzto the input terminal lB ofthe cycler 31,(V2) .which inturn delivers resetfpulses to the scale-offtwodriverto .the input windings .4810i the magnetic reactors, and to the electronic switch 26? (V4a, Fig. 4).

The binary-coded pulses from the output terminal 46 of the magnetic binary coder of Fig. 9 are used, as with the previously described binary coders, to control the electronic switch 26 to effect abnormal scanning or other 'l abnormal switching as previously discussed. At the sub- .scribers receiver the same magnetic binary coder unit may be used to properly phase the switching functions in the receiver with those at the transmitter in order to re ceive undistorted images on the screen.

iByt ydaring-.the direction ;oft=windingsofi the; codery input :or..enerfgizingrwindings i48tor .bymaryingrrtheondermfthe switchesptl, the l number fot .'individuab coder 1 iunitsilzbecornes: enormous:andifitibecomes practiea'liyimpossible'ffor .argnoup 4cfu-friends.atorrewirel ,the codernunitsrso'- that they may all-.operate enithesafmekeylcode.

.We claim: f

f1. Ai.subscriptiontelevisionf.systemxhavingea transmitting :station andrai plurality; tot. receiv g..-stations,.in'eawhich communication fbetweenithe; transmitting aand rareceiving stations isi had'.solelyibyradietionaamdr isf -free Ofiline communication; each .station comprising: :.aepicture `convertingl :unipr scanningfineansfrion saidminitnandcoding means delivering a :selected trepetitivef'zsequence.iof .code :elements cooperating Vwith :the yrscanning means vnml-.effect .variably yabnormalV operation thereof; fthe .f coding: means nhaving \a series lof :ccdefsettingameans: corresponding.; inl vnumber: 4to the: number: of coderelements in- .saidrsequencez the z series '.of; settingi means-fate eachi receiving4 :station having. an; inzdivid-ual; cod-e -to providertawsetting; individual.` to .each receivingfstationxrto :bring` the foperation of .its-scanning unit in-synchronism 'withsthe transmitting station.

2. :Td-1e systemrof cl'-.tmlflninflwhichthe settingunea'ns `comprise a series f. of twoaposition .n.switches.

3. :Tfhe systemtzof :claim l; :imwhich the coding means '.generatexa.:repeatedzsequence Io @binary --code pulses.

i =5.. Vflhersystern .cef-:claim :1, fwhich-.ialso l comprises aa fszourceo'f: regularly '.spacedrepulses tand; the f coding means ahas 'imeansetonrreceiving rsaid.` regularly-spaced pulses- Iand 'convertingl thensamesintoilarepeated. sequence of ron or o pu1ses.

'16. .The systemof-claim'f whichv also comprises a source of synchronizing;l pulses fthe scanning operation,

apdelay linefor;thetsynchronizing=pulses-andswitch means cooperating, nwith :said delay line land x. operable gby 1 said coding imeansf .to vary a the y'delayi of 1 the synchronizing pulses.

.7. Attelevision receiver'.operable1-byy radiated signals and cornprisingia;;picture.convertingunit, rscanning-:means ltors zcontrollingfirsaid :converting munity,E and-S'y coding @means generatingl dierentnscanning codes fordii'erent programs Aforffeiecfting wariably; 'abnormal :operation :of 'fthe iscanmingrmeansithe coding means having `adjustablef-lkey''code elements lfor setting, the coding meansto produce Lafde'sired scanningacodef fcommonutograll stations, the :seningf fffthe key: codefelementsiinea'chlreceivingrstations-being individvual tto t-he nstation, @and i the; coding'f'means v:comprising a yseries of-saturablemagneticcores having a magnetizling winding lon; :eachfxcore r ufor: steringha desired 'code `in\said cores rby magnetiza-tionrand 'other' windings VL-forreading :out said fcndeinrtheiform :of a lrep'eatada-code y'group .of

on or oli pulses.

28. :Theal television receiverl of4 claim ST7 having a source of magnetizing current connected Etoy said 'unagnetizing windings.

`9. @The televisionfreceiver fof claimf :8 in' iwhiich the vvmag- .netizing windingsare. connectedv in series.

w10. '.The televi-sionireceiverof claim 9-in`which the 'key rcodeg'elements 'areftwoeposition switches connectedE to'fsome of thennagnetizingwindingsv for supplying lmagnetizing current.

11. The television receiver of claim 10 in which the source of magnetizing current is a current pulse delivered to said magnetizing windings periodically.

12. The television receiver of claim 1l in which the current pulse is delivered to said magnetizing windings at the rate of one pulse for each code group of pnl-ses.

13. A television system having a transmitting station, means thereat for converting a visual image into video signals, and a variable coding unit thereat for effecting abnormal operation of said converting means; the system having a plurality of receiving stations, each receiving station having means for receiving said video signals and converting the same into a visual image, and a variable coding unit at each receiving station for eecting abnormal operation of said receiving and converting means; each such variable coding unit including a coding signal generator for generating a coding pattern of signals, each coding signal generator having variable setting means variably controlling its coding pattern of signals, each coding signal generator having. an individual coding signal pattern combination providing a setting of said variable setting means individual to each unit for the production of a given coding pattern of signals.

14. A television system having a transmitting station and a plurality of receiving stations in which communication between the transmitting and receiving stations is had solely by radiation and is free of line communication; means at the transmitting station for converting a visual image into video signals, and a variable coding unit at the transmitting station for eifecting abnormal operation of the converting means; means at the receiving stations for converting the video signals into a visual image and a variable coding unit at each station comprising a rectiiier network for etecting a similar abnormal operation of the converting means and thereby to bring the operation of the converting mea'ns at the receiving stations in phase with the oper-ation of the converting means at the transmitting station; each receiving station coding unit having :a group of adjustable elements controlling the code generated by the coding unit, the connection between each group of elements and the respective coding unit Varying from station to station, whereby the adjustment of the elements for the generation of any desired code varies from station to station. 1

, 15. The system of claim 14 in which the adjustable elements are switches connected to the network.

16. A television receiver operable in response to radiated -energy signals which comprise abnormal video signals, regularly repetitive vertical synchronizing pulses, regularly repetitive horizontal synchronizing pulses, and specially coded repetitive reset pulses; saidreceiver comprising a picture converter synchronized in operation 4relative to said video. Signals by said synchronizing pulses, a coding unit, a group of switches controlling the code of the unit by their settings, mean-s responsive to the special coding of the reset pulses for separating said reset pulses from said horizontal and vertical synchronizingpulses, means for supplying said separated reset pulses and a grou-p of additional pulses between successive reset pulses to said coding unit, said unit having means for converting said pulses supplied thereto into a binary output coded in accordance with said switch settings, and means responsive to said output and cooperating with said converter to convert the abnormal video signals into a normal picture.

17. The combination of claim 16 in which the coding unit comprises a rectifier network.

18. The combination of claim 17 in which the network has an input side and an 'output side, aV plurality of conducting lines connected in parallel between the input and output sides, a manual switch connected in each line and switch tubes connected to said lines through rectifiers to provide ground for some of said lines and to leave one of said lines -ungrounded.

19. In combination, :a television receiver and a coding system therefor, the coding system comprising means for converting regularly spaced synchronizing pulses of a television signal into a repeated code of on or o pulses, switching means for varying the code as desired, and said converting means .comprising a rectier network.

20. The combination of claim 19 in which the network has an input line on one side and an output line on the other side, -a plurality of parallel conducting lines connecting said input and output, each line including a switch, a lesser number of transverse lines, rectifier elements connecting said parallel to said transverse lines, and grounding electronic switch tubes connected to said transverse lines, the rectifier elements and switch tubes being arranged to leave one of said parallel lines ungrounded Iand to shift from line to line with each pulse.

21. A code generator adapted to receive equally spaced pulses and to convert the same into 1a desired `repetitive group of sequential and similarly spaced on or folli code pulses, the generator comprising two groups of saturable magnetic cores, a magnetizing circuit including a magnetiziug winding on each core for storing a desired code in Asaid cores by magnetization, a rst receiving circuit including a winding on each of one group of cores, a second receiving circuit including a winding on yeach of the other group of cores, a source of pulses delivering a pulse alternately to said receiving circuits, and code pulse windings on said cores.

22. The code generator of claim 21 in which the magnetizing circuit has means for changing the direction of magnetization in some of said cores as desired to change the code from time to time.

, 23. The code generator of claim 21 which includes a plurality of circuits for transferring the pulses from the `cores of one group to the cores of the other group, each circuit `including a code pulse delivering winding on a core of one group and code pulse receiving winding on a core of the other group.

24. The system of claim 13, wherein the coding unit of the transmitting station and the coding signal generator of each receiving station comprises a counter chain -for producing said vcoding pattern of signals.

References Cited in the tile of this patent UNITED STATES PATENTS 2,472,774 Mayle June 7, 1949 2,510,046 Ellett et al. May 30, 1950 2,519,513 Thompson Aug. 22, 1950 2,539,556 Steinberg Jan. 30, 1951 2,545,770 Ellett et al Mar. 20, 1951 2,547,598 Roschke Apr. 3, 1951 2,567,545 Brown Sept. 11, 1951 2,570,187 Arorn Oct. 9, 1951 2,573,349 Miller et al. Oct. 30, 1951 2,574,462 Brown Nov. 13, 1951 2,577,141 Mauchly et al. Dec. 4, 1951 2,610,243 Burkhart et al. Sept. 9, 1952 2,619,530 Roschke Nov. 25, 1952 2,640,164 Giel et al May 26, 1953 2,656,407 Herrick et al Oct. 20, 1953 2,685,644 Toulon Aug. 3, 1954 2,757,226

Zworykin July 31, 1956 

